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kulturologiaSi
mniSvelovani adgili uWiravs struqturalizms. igi safrangeTSi Caisaxa, gansakuTrebuli
popularoba moipova 60-70-ian wlebSi da farTod gavrcelda evropul qveynebsa da
aSS-Si. struqturalizmis ZiriTadi ideebi damuSavebulia frangi mecnierebis k.levi-strosis,
J.deridas, J.lakanis, m.fukos da sxvaTa naSromebSi. struqturalizmma miznad daisaxa
daeZlia aRwerilobiTi meTodi kulturis fenomenis analizis dros da kulturis kvleva
mkacr mecnierul safuZvelze daemyarebina, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa zusti
meTodebis, maT Soris formalizaciis, maTematikuri modelirebis, kompiuterizaciis
da sxva meTodebis _ gamoyenebiT. nimuSad aRebul iqna lingvistika, romelmac XX
s. 20-30-iani wlebidan Sveicareli mkvlevris ferdinand de sosiurisa (Ferdinand
de Saussure, 1857-1913) da misi mimdevrebis wyalobiT SeiZina zusti mecnierebebis
mravali niSani. lingvistikaSi f.de sosiuris mier SemuSavebuli struqturuli meTodi
gadatanil iqna adamianis sulieri cxovrebis sxva sferoebis kvlevaSic.
f.sosiuris
mixedviT, enis gagebisaTvis Cven unda ganvixiloT misi Semadgeneli elementebis
urTierToba. es axlos idga e.diurkheimis meTodologiasTan, romelic aRniSnavda,
rom Cven ver gavigebT Sesaswavl movlenas, Tu davkmayofildebiT misi garegnuli
mxareebis _ misi "istoriis" _ aRweriT; Cven SegviZlia gamovikvlioT
sazogadoeba mxolod misi nawilebis urTierTqmedebis Seswavlis gziT.
sosiuris mixedviT, enis funqcia mdgomareobs adamianTa komunikaciis saSualebaTa
SeqmnaSi. Sesabamisad, saWiroa gamovikvlioT xerxebi, romlebiTac misi elementebi
zemoqmedeben komunikaciaze erTmaneTTan urTierTobis gziT. amosavali CvenTvis
unda gaxdes metyvelebisa da enis cnebebis gamijvna. individualuri sametyvelo
aqti yovelTvis unikaluria da, amdenad, ar SeiZleba iyos mecnierebis obieqti.
ena mudmivia, sayovelTao, gamoiyeneba yvelas mier, vinc masze saubrobs. yoveli
ena Sedgeba bgeraTa saboloo simravlisa da maTi kombinirebis wesebisagan. amrigad,
ena warmoadgens struqturas, an logikas, romelic safuZvlad udevs metyvelebas.
am struqturis elementia niSani.
struqturalizmisaTvis amosavalia sistemis cneba da debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad,
elementebis erToblioba ar daiyvaneba maT ubralo jamze, sistemas gaaCnia raRac,
rac mas sistemur xasiaTs aniWebs. am raRacis saxiT SeiZleba mogvevlinos struqtura
_ elementTa Soris kavSirebis erToblioba. mas struqturalizmSi pirvelxarisxovani
mniSvneloba eniWeba. igi mTavar amocanad miiCnevs, aCvenos yofiTi cnebebis Sinagani
struqtura, logika, da am gziT gamoavlinos gzebi, romliTac Cven (Cveni ideebi)
vawesrigebT Cvens garemomcvel samyaros.
struqturalizmi aqcents akeTebs im formaTa gamokvlevaze, romlebSic mimdinareobs
adamianis kulturSemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba. es sayovelTao formebi aRiniSneba terminiT
struqturebi. struqtura ganimarteba rogorc mTelis elementebs Soris urTierTobaTa
erToblioba, romlebic myari rCebian xangrZlivi istoriuli periodis manZilze an
msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi Sinagani Tu garegani cvlilebebis miuxedavad. es
sayovelTao formebi anu fuZemdebluri struqturebi moqmedeben rogorc aracnobieri
meqanizmebi, romlebic awesrigeben adamianis mTel sulier-SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas.
rogorc vxedavT, struqturalizmSi kvlav vxvdebiT koleqtiuri aracnobieris koncefcias.
magram Tu k.g.iungTan mis pirvelsafuZvlad gvevlineba arqetipebi, struqturalizmSi
aseTad gvevlineba niSanTa sistemebi. struqturalistTa azriT, kulturis yvela sistema:
ena, miTologia, religia, xelovneba, literatura, zne-Cveulebani, tradiciebi da
a.S. SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc niSanTa sistemebi. yvelaze martivi da universaluri
niSanTa sistemaa ena.
struqturuli analizis mizania mocemuli kulturis sistemawarmomqmneli faqtoris
Zieba, kulturul obieqtTa garkveuli simravlis erTiani struqturuli kanonzomierebebis
gamovlena. es sistemawarmomqmneli faqtor-struqtura ganixileba ara ubralod rogorc
ama Tu im kulturuli obieqtis "ConCxi", aramed rogorc erToblioba wesebisa,
romelTa mixedviT elementebis gadaadgilebiT, erTi obieqtidan SeiZleba miviRoT
meore, mesame da a.S. struqturuli meTodis Tanaxmad, es erTgvarovneba gamovlindeba
ara am obieqtTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebaTa ugulebelyofis xarjze, aramed am
gansxvavebaTa, rogorc erTiani abstraqtuli nimuSis urTierTSi gardamavali (urTierTgardaqmnadi)
konkretuli variantebis danaxviT.
struqturalizmis
erT-erTi mTavari warmomadgenelia frangi eTnografi da sociologi klod levi-strosi
(Claude Levi-Strauss, 1908-1999).
misi kvlevis ZiriTadi obieqti iyo primitiuli sazogadoebebi, kerZod, samxreT
da, nawilobriv, CrdiloeT amerikisa. mTavar problemad miaCnda bunebidan kulturaze
gadasvlis Seswavla.
k.levi-strosi ikvlevda azrovnebisa da socialuri cxovrebis struqturebs, romlebic
damokidebuli ar arian individualur cnobierebasa da arCevanze. gonebas, azrovnebas
igi kulturuli evoluciis mizezad ki ara Sedegad miiCnevda. kulturas, rogorc adamianuri
yofierebis universalur atributs, sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi daaxloebiT erTnairi
niSnebi aqvs. sxvadasxva eTnologiuri koncefciis ZiriTad nakls igi imaSi xedavda,
rom isini iTvaliswineben mxolod cnobier dones, plasts, da ara aracnobiers, romelic
ar eqvemdebareba uSualo dakvirvebas. am dros ki cnobiereba, k.levi-strosis mixedviT,
arsebobs mxolod adamianis sulis uamravi aracnobieri struqturis gadakveTaze,
romelTagan TiToeuli Seesabameba socialuri realobis garkveul dones.
interesma aracnobieri struqturebisadmi mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra struqturuli
analizis obieqtTa SerCeva: totemizmi, saxelTa mikuTvnebis wesebi, saqorwino
urTierTobani, ritualebi, niRbebi, rogorc niSanTa Taviseburi sistemebi, pirvel
rigSi ki _ miTi, rogorc koleqtiuri cnobierebis arsi, socialur struqturaTa simyaris
safuZveli.
socialur da kulturul struqturaTa gamokvlevis miznad k.levi-strosi miiCnevda
im kanonzomierebaTa gamovlenas, romlebic safuZvlad udevs rwmena-warmodgenaTa
da institutebis mravalferovnebas.
k.levi-strosis azriT, adamianis SegrZnebebi imdenad ar asaxaven, ramdenadac
daSifraven garemomcvel sinamdviles, axdenen mis kodirebas. yvela movlena da
procesi gamoixateba simbolos saxiT. amdenad, SeiZleba laparaki iyos or struqturaze:
adamianis gonebis struqturasa da adamianis garemomcveli fizikuri realobis struqturaze.
amasTan, meoris Seswavlis safuZvlad k.levi-strosi adamianis gonebis struqturas
miiCnevs, romelic axdens Cveni gamocdilebis organizebas da gansazRvravs samyaros
Cveneul xedvas.
Tanamedrove industriul da “primitiul" sazogadoebaTa Soris urTierTobas k.levi-strosi
uwodebda Tanafardobas "cxel" da "civ" sazogadoebaTa Soris:
pirvelni cdiloben awarmoon da moixmaron rac SeiZleba meti energia da informacia,
meoreni ki ifarglebian arsebobis martivi da mwiri saSualebebis mdgradi kvlavwarmoebiT.
magram Zvel da axal, ganviTarebul da "primitiul" adamians aerTianebs
kulturis sayovelTao kanonebi, adamianis gonebis funqciobis kanonebi.
"cxel" sazogadoebebSi Tavdapirveli kavSiri Tavad sagnebsa da SemecnebiT
simboloebs Soris TandaTanobiT ganidevneba aracnobieris sferoSi, da mis adgils
pirobiTi kavSiri iWers. Sedegad icvleba Tavad samyaros xedva, misi pirvandeli
saxe TandaTan bundovani xdeba. magram igi mTlianad ki ar qreba, aramed inaxeba
aracnobierSi. gza adamianis garemomcveli samyarosaken sul ufro metad "ixergeba"
sxvadasxva simboluri struqturiT.
k.levi-strosis azriT, jer kidev SemorCenili arqauli _ "civi" _ sazogadoebani
axerxeben dausxltnen zemoT aRniSnul cvlilebas. maTSi SenarCunebulia Tavdapirveli
kavSiri adamianis garemomcvel sinamdvilesa da misi cnobierebis simboloebs Soris;
es kavSiri ar aris gandevnili aracnobier sferoSi. swored am "civi"
sazogadoebebis arseboba aZlevs saSualebas Tanamedrove adamians, Seimecnos aracnobier
sferoSi gandevnili sakuTari gonebis struqtura.
Tanamedrove kulturis ama Tu im movlenis WeSmariti azri (anu rasac is warmoadgens)
dafarulia. am azris "amoReba" aracnobieri sferodan SeuZlebelia. amitom
unda mivmarToT "civ" sazogadoebebs da movZebnoT maTSi analogiuri movlena,
rac mkvlevrisaTvis naTels gaxdis mis azrs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, pirvelyofili
adamiani gvevlineba erTgvar sarked, romelic Tanamedrove adamians Tavisi aracnobieri
sferos danaxvis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, Sesabamisad, debs xids bunebasa da kulturas
Soris.
Tavis cnobil naSromebSi "struqturuli anTropologia" ("Anthropologie
structurale"), "mwuxare tropikebi" ("Tristes
Tropiques"), "veluri azrovneba" ("La
Pensée Sauvage"), "Tanamedrove totemizmi" ("Le
Totémisme aujourd'hui"), niRbebis gza" ("La
Voie des masques") da sxv. k.levi-strosi cdilobs daasabuTos, rom
velurebi cxovroben bednierad; civilizacia azianebs maT yofas; civilizacia ufro
uaresad wyvets cxovrebiseul problemebs, vidre velurebi, radgan am ukanasknelTa
garegani "me" mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli SinaganTan. kulturuli garsi
jer kidev Txelia da SeiZleba Tvali vadevnoT bunebasTan mis kavSirs; aRniSnuli
ar daSorebia aRmniSvnels da uamrav niSans Soris SeiZleba gairCes binaruli opoziciebi
(wyviladi dapirispirebulobani) _ yvelaze xSirad ganmeorebadi kanonzomierebani,
romlebic axasiaTebs kulturis yvela sferos. es opoziciebia: naTeli _ bneli, xmauriani
_ Cumi, rbili _ magari, mSrali _ sveli, tkbili _ mware, umi _ moxarSuli, qorfa
_ damWknari, carieli _ savse, axlo _ Sori, zeda _ qveda, marjvena _ marcxena,
keTili _ boroti da sxv. yvelafers ki safuZvlad udevs generaluri opozicia "buneba
_ kultura".
pirvelyofili adamiani Tavisi Sinagani "me"-Ti arafriT gansxvavdeba
Tanamedrove adamianisagan: erTsac da meoresac erTi da igive binaruli opoziciebi
aqvT. Tanamedrove adamianis azrovnebis struqtura mis mier ganvlili gzis manZilze
ar Secvlila, igi zustad iseTia, rogoric pirvelyofili adamianisa. Tanamedrove
adamiani pirvelyofilisagan gansxvavdeba mxolod Tavisi garegnuli "me"-Ti
da imiT, rom kavSiri mis garegan "me"-sa da Sinagan "mes"
Soris gawyvetilia istoriis mier.
pirvelyofili adamiani xorcs Tu sxva saWmels qvaze awyobda da ase wvavda mzeze.
mzis sxivebi casa da dedamiwas erTian, harmoniul mTlianobad aerTianebda da adamiani
bunebasTan srul TanxmobaSi imyofeboda. Semdeg adamianma daiwyo saWmlis damzadeba
cecxlze, Seqmna Sromis iaraRi, tansacmeli, Seabija kulturis samyaroSi. mis arsebobasa
da kulturas Soris gaCnda winaaRmdegobebi. miTebis meSveobiT adamiani cdilobs
aRadginos darRveuli kavSiri bunebasTan. damTavrda oqros xana (ase uwodebs k.levi-strosi
qvis xanas) da daiwyo brinjaos epoqa. am epoqis manZilze adamiani sakmao xans
inarCunebda mkafio opoziciebs, rac mas saSualebas aZlevda ebatona empiriul sinamdvileze.
miTebis saSualebiT adamianebi cdilobdnen SeerbilebinaT winaaRmdegoba bunebasTan.
magram daiwyo rkinis xana, gaCnda Tanamedrove adamiani da yvelaferi airia. Tanamedrove
adamiani cxovrobs bunebasa da kulturas Soris Rrma ganxeTqilebis pirobebSi, rac
misi yvela ubedurebis mTavari mizezia.
k.levi-strosis azriT, Tanamedrove mecniereba da filosofia didad ver amaRleben
dRevandel adamians veluris donesTan SedarebiT, am ukanasknelis cxovreba ki bevrad
ufro harmoniulia swored bunebasTan misi ganuyofeli kavSiris gamo.
rogorc Tavad k.levi-strosi aRniSnavda, misi koncefciis CamoyalibebaSi, romelsac
Tavad struqturul anTropologias uwodebda, mTavari roli Seasrula samma mecnierma:
sociologma emil diurkheimma, fsiqologma zigmund froidma da lingvistma ferdinand
de sosiurma. e.diurkheimma mkveTrad gamijna erTmaneTisagan individualuri da
koleqtiuri cnobiereba; z.froidma individis Sinagani "me" aracnobiers
daumorCila; xolo de sosiurma enobrivi masalis safuZvelze konkretuli warmodgena
mogvca qvecnobieris Sesaxeb, yovel winadadebaSi gamoyo ori done: gaucnobierebeli
(ena) da gacnobierebuli (metyveleba).
amrigad, k.levi-strosis Sexedulebani emyareba miTebis, ritualebis, socialur
urTierTobaTa formebis (saqorwino normebi, naTesauri sistemebi da sxv.) analizs.
miTebsa da folklors mis kvleva-ZiebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. k.levi-strosi
miTebis struqturuli tipologiis mamamTavradaa miCneuli.
struqturalisturi meTodi gamoiyena frangma filosofosma da kulturis istorikosma
miSel pol fukom (Michel Foucault)
~1926-1984) naSromebSi "sityvebi da sagnebi: humanitarul mecnierebaTa arqeologia"
("Les mots et les choses - une
archéologie des sciences humaines"), "codnis arqeologia"
("L'Archéologie du savoir").
evropuli Semecnebis istoriaSi m.fukom gamoyo 3 epistema (codnis saerTo sivrce,
"sityvebsa" da "sagnebs" Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis sistema,
romelsac emyareba ama Tu im epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRqmis, Semecnebis,
praqtikis kodebi, calkeuli ideebi da koncefciebi), romelTa Tavisebureba gansazRvravs
ama Tu im epoqis _ aRorZinebis, klasikuri racionalizmisa da Tanamedroveobis
(XIX-XX ss.) azrovnebis saxes. aRorZinebis epistemaSi "sityvebi" da
"sagnebi" msgavsia da igiveobrivic ki; klasikuri racionalizmis epoqaSi
isini gaSualebulia azrobrivi warmodgenebiT, Tanamedrove epoqaSi ki sityva iqceva
mxolod niSnad sxva niSnebis sistemaSi, radgan sityvebsa da sagnebs Soris dgas
mravali sxvadasxva niSanTa sistema _ "ena", "Sroma", "sicocxle"
da sxv.
amrigad, epistemis Secvla niSnavs mTeli SemecnebiTi saqmianobis da, saerTod,
samyaroSi adamianis adgilis Secvlas. kulturis struqturuli cvlilebebis gagebisaTvis,
m.fukos azriT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa epistemaTa Soris arsebuli ganxeTqilebani.
maTi arsis ilustraciisaTvis mkvlevari don kixotis magaliTs mimarTavs. es gmiri
_ axali kulturis sistemaSi Zveli epistemis matarebeli _ komikuria swored Zvelisa
da axlis SejaxebaSi.
Jak
lakani (Jacques Lacan) (1901-1981)
"froidizmis parizuli skolis" fuZemdebelia, e.w. struqturuli fsiqoanalizis
warmomadgeneli. man miznad daisaxa "froidisken mibruneba", anu froidizmis
gaTavisufleba Semdegdroindeli danaSrevebisagan. lakani Tvlida, rom aracnobieris
gagebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs enas. Tavad aracnobieri lakanTan
scildeba biologiuri interpretaciis CarCoebs da kulturis fenomenad gvevlineba.
es is sferoa, sadac mimdinareobs individis mier socialuri normebisa da kulturul
faseulobaTa aTviseba, anu pirovnebis socializacia. amrigad, J.lakanma aracnobieri
kulturologiuri kvlevis obieqtad aqcia.
"struqturalizmi"
The Origins of and Debate Between
Structuralism and Functionalism